Chapter One: Introduction 1.0           Introduction:  Social networks have been progressed a lot inMadagascar, like Facebook, Instagram and twitter. Due to the evolution oftechnologies, the number of Malagasy internet users increases; according to thesite: InternetLiveStats, around 17 million of people are using internet inMadagascar.

This concerns 73% of the population. Though, in 2013 by InternetWords Stats, the online site Haikajy Mag reported that 2% of the population hadaccess to internet which is still will (around 400 000 Malagasy).  Haikajy Mag reported that at the beginning,internet is only for the upper class of society which can afford the luxurythat technologies offer. In fact, internet only seen in business company andthe famous cybercafés that become a trendy way to access internet.

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As thepurchasing power is very low in the Island, this 2% of population is onlyconcentrated in the capital: Antananarivo.There are three different classes of society in theisland, the upper class, the middle class, and the poor people. Obviously, therich people are fewer compared to people because as the site actualitix, 75, 3%of the population are considered as poor and live in bad conditions. Thatexplains why Internet had not been launched till 2000.

According to the date from World Bank, the number ofinternet users in Madagascar started to increase in 2000 but still weak, in2011, it reached up to 400 000 users.Madagascar is the 25th country users (rankAfrika) and 127th among 195 countries (world rank) (World Bank 2017).The Island is not really at the top concerning Internet use, because the islandis still going through economics and politics economics since 2009, as RFIreported. It slows down all kinds of development there. As the access rate is still low, the newspapers L’Express de Madagascarnoticed a strong rebound on the Internet access in the Island in 2015. Withinthe data from Artec (Autorite de regulation des technologies de communication),it states that the rate increased as more than 5%. Indeed, the use of mobilephone becomes a trend to the youngsters as it is evaluated 49% of users.

Recently,asreported by InternetLiveStats , three operators in Madagascar have simplifiedthe access of Internet, this increases suddenly the Internet users. These threeoperators are, Orange, which offers 1Gb package for 35500 ariary Malagasy (or 1MGA=0,01MUR); Telma 1GB package for 34500 Ariary Malagasy, and Airtel. This allowedthe different class of the society in the same level when it concerns aboutusing Internet. The journalists Sandra Hafalianavalona andSoa-Mihanta Andriamanantena have reported on l’Express de Madagascar that inthe year 2016, more than 36% of youngsters own a mobile phone with internetaccess on it, which is already an important number comparing to the lowerpurchasing power of the citizen. And 24% of them use social networks. In fact, there are famous sites that become a realtrend nowadays, among the sites on internet that we use, 5 of them are socialnetworking sites. And of course, Madagascar is among the social networkingcountry users, as Mada blog marketing.

The most used social networking site inthe Island is Facebook, followed by Youtube and twitter. It is ranked 80% ofthe users are Facebook users. By analysing the graphic, StatCounter Global Statsshows on the graphics the most Social Media Sites in Madagscar from 2009 to2019. On May 2009, only 40% of internet users connect to Facebook, this hasbeen increasing during the following month and continued to rise up to 80% onJune 2010. The following graphics below represents that thenumber of users continue rising starting from july 2010, and this rate almostreached up to 90% on October 2012.  Basically, in 2015, l’Express de Madagascar concludedthat around 600 000 people are Facebook users, as far as the survey fromINSTAT ( Institut National de la Statistiques) over the last five years. Thesestatistics allow us to overview the evolution of the social media in Madagascaras well as its impacts on Malagasy people.

Indeed, Facebook become easy to access because some ofthe mobile operators ameliorate more and more its services by offeringcustomers the famous free access to Facebook, this is the case of Orange.Teenagers are more interested on it and it let them to connect to Facebook allday to improve their skills and knowledge as if Facebook was the only site oninternet, as the site InternetLiveStats reported. The article Haikajy Mag (on November 2014) informed onlinethat there are nearly 400 000 Facebook accounts which are Malagasy users. Effectively,Malagasy people see Facebook as the easier way to access internet because it isthe most used site in the Island. According to Haikajy Mag again, there hadbeen a survey that exposed some Malagasy youngsters get information and news onFacebook, the news diffused on television are less watched. It keeps themdistract and disconnected from reality. A personal blog: Ampela miblaogy (wroteby Ariniaina, a Malagasy blogger) revealed on February 2011 that the youngstersbecome more and more addicted to social media.

In the recent year 2017, when the baccalaureate exam results weredisplayed, it is noticed that the success rate was 44,48% in the capitalAntananarivo, while it was 40% the year before, said Ny Aina Rahaga in tribunede Madagascar. The newspapers Midi Madagascar stated the rate up to 39% in 2015,39,37% in 2014 and 47,59% in 2013 The past five years exposes then the averagerate of candidates who success which is around 40%. While RFI stated that itwent from 50% in 2011. This evaluation shows a problem of education level thatcauses the decline of success. Apparently, Facebook impacts children’s educationnegatively in Madagascar, there had been a drop-in success rate ofbaccalaureate in the capital of Madagascar as the newspapers Midi Madagasikarareported on September 2014, the drop is about 8, 21%.

Parents and teacherscomplain and wonder whether the intellectual level of the candidates went downbecause of the Famous Facebook. Some teachers in the secondary school affirmedthat teenagers nowadays are lack of concentration and maturity at schoolbecause they are distracted on technologies particularly on Facebook.Therefore, still reported on the newspapers: Midi Madagasikara and on the siteAfricatime.com, children cannot master their feeling and education at the sametime which lead to the bad results of exam. Facebook obsessed and monopolizedMalagasy students in the capital as it becomes their daily lives to check theirsmartphone all the time. Facebook is for them used as tools for documentationand distraction, they usually online to discuss with friends, shares photos andvideos. Whether in class or at home, they are busy to update their profile,like different pages, they become addicted and forget to focus on theirobjectives and studies.Facebook in term of educations are crucial to evocatehow importance is being media literate.

That is why the research study portraythe rise of the number of students in Antananarivo connected on Facebook, thenegative impacts that changed the success rate of the students at secondarylevel and will focus on the advantages of using Facebook in order to ameliorateeducation’s methods. 1.1          Background:Compared to other countries, Madagascar is an Islandwhich has not the effective use of internet yet due to the poor access ofinternet. This is because of the high cost of internet access which is notappropriated to the lower purchasing power of the citizen. But due to 3G whichis internet mobile, everyone can connect on it. The Island own variousoperators which let people to have facility in affording the cost of internet.The pictures below will show the differ packages offered by the three importantoperators in Madagascar:Orange Madagascar has first of all the package alsocall “BE CONNECT”, there are many offers depending on price and the validity,starting from 200 Ariary to 275 000 Ariary Malagasy, customers canpurchase up to 50Gb. Orange also offers free access to Facebook called “Akama”with 500 Mo per week.

    Telma Madagascar also proposes different offers forone month starting from 250 Mo to 50Go and can reach up to 195 000 AriaryMalagasy which is more affordable than Orange offers.And Airtel Madagascar that has monthly package for itsclients from 1Go to 15Gb with bonus included, the price is up to 180 000Ariary Malagasy.The three operators are in competition to gain more andmore clients; hence, these various packages let people to choose theirpreferred operator to access internet with their devices.,Malagasy youngstersuse then lot technologies devices like smartphone and laptop to connect oninternet. In consequence, social media has become a trend that young peoplefollow in the capital. A book titled: “Developpement des Medias a Madagascar”states that the augmentation of the cybercafe in the capital Antananarivoproves the rise of Internet users.

More than 20% of the population areconnected regularly.The study will concern more about teenagers around 17et 19 years old, which is the middle age of the candidates on the examaccording to News Mada. However, the youngest candidate is twelve years old (Bac2017). The research and survey focus then in teen age. Around 73 000candidates were registered while the number of the candidates was 69 000in 2015. Facebook users are classified depending on their age,on what they do in life whether worker or student, and on devices they used.

 A survey has been done by ATW consultants Madagascarabout the active Facebook users, and reported that 55% of women and 45% of menare connected daily, 60% of young use Facebook as well, so the most active isthe teenage under 25 years old, independent workers and employees. They areconnected daily, during working hours via smartphone or computer. As the topic shows, the research will be based only inthe capital as it is the source of the evolution of social media. There, peopleare more connected and updated on everything.

Therefore, it is a good subjectto study and to get surveys. In addition to that, 74397 candidates areregistered to pass the exam in Antananarivo, one more reason to focus on it(News Mada).  1.

2          Issues:How does Facebook impact on education at secondarylevel?What is Facebook used for teenagers in the capital?Why did Baccalaureate success rate go down over thepast 5 years?What are the effects that Facebook causes the failureof exams in the capital?How social media makes changes on daily lives of thesociety?By analysing those questions, the research evaluatesthe actual state of the exam results of the baccalaureate in Antananarivo aswell as the negatives impacts of being permanently connected on this famoussocial media. It also evaluates on the success rate over the last 5 years. Itwill go on details about how and for what students used Facebook, Hence, itconcentrates on the change brought by Facebook to youngsters facing on theirstudies.

RFI Afrique reported that the success rate ofbaccalaureate in Antananarivo was 50% in 2011 and had tumble down 39% in 2014.Facebook is one of the source that influences youngsters so that is why theresearch is based on it. In fact, Facebook has become the most used socialmedia in the capital. The research methods and the analysis will explain importanceof the topics and will analyse the surveys about it.Baccalaureate is a big bridge for Malagasy thatseparates childhood to adult age, it defines maturity of a student. Once astudent gets his baccalaureate, he can be considered as an adult person that isresponsible of its acts. It determines the independence of a person in hisentire life. Passing this exam is source of pride for that person and his entirefamily.

It also helps him or her to open his path on his study.The interest of the Facebook users is apparentlydivided according to the image above (ATW Consultants Madagascar). In the firstplace the humoristic pages 48%, then the pages that consists of selling anddoing business. As we can see, Facebook influences more people and makethem obsessed by offering many distractions. As the site BlogDeMadagascar.com,people use It to create group or pages that permit them to make their businessworks. There are some that interested on wedding packages, phone sales and soon, some of them are more attracted about social life and actualities. Ofcourse, it gives a lot of temptations to the candidates not to be concentrateon their study despite of those many various reasons.

In Antananarivo, by PIGEMEDIA, there are many pages and groups for accessories sales, clothes. In fact,people can get many opportunities by using Facebook.Thus, many companies had created its online Facebookpage after observing the evolution of social media in the Island, such as, U.S.Embassy Madagascar, Madagascar en photos, Orange Madagascar.

1.3          Research Objectives:The objectives of the research are the following:1)     Tostate baccalaureate exam results at secondary level over the last five years2)     Torepresent the side effects on the education of using a lot social media atsecondary school.3)     Toanalyse the importance of using Facebook in a good way for students.4)     Toevaluate and analyze the use of social media and some theories which concernssocial media.5)     Toexplore that studying media literacy makes students aware of what and how theyuse Facebook ethically and consciously in order not to affect their education.

6)     Todemonstrate how Social Media influences the new generation nowadays. 1.4          Dissertation structure: Chapter Number Description     Chapter 1: Introduction Briefs the main idea of the work, which the study of: the social networks especially Facebook in Madagascar, the low success rate of baccalaureate and the kinds of distractions that technologies provide. Details of the percentage of baccalaureate results, the side effects on the excess use of Facebook.

  Chapter 2:  Literature Review Analysis of the articles, journals, books used during the research. Critical analyses of the information gathered.   Chapter 3: Research Methodology Provides the steps, gives the explanation and the process of the brainstorming of the research.   Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis Show the collected data that demonstrates the research and present the results gathered based on the research objectives.

  Chapter 5: Recommendations and Conclusion Explores the role of Media Literacy for students to reduce failure. Summary of the main concept of the work and any propositions that can ameliorate the field of the research.