In today ‘s society offense is a changeless. Peoples that are good know, to people that no 1 has of all time heard of autumn victim to condemnable activity on a day-to-day footing. There has to be a ground why these things happen so frequently.

Victim precipitation theory holds that the victim is the lending fact of their victimization. Women, particularly, can do themselves available to felons and can effortlessly go easy marks. In a sense, every victim contributes to their ain victimization in one manner or another.Crime is really evident in our mundane lives. It seems as though the mean American can non travel a twenty-four hours without hearing about another flagitious offense that has happened in their community.

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Harmonizing to the US Department of Justice, Criminal Justice Information Services Division, violent offenses accounted for 1,254,358 of the offenses committed in 2009. There are many different types of discourtesies that can be classified as a offense. The FBI, in its one-year Crime in the United States study, publishes informations for serious offenses in the Crime Index. The Index includes slaying, colza, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle larceny, and incendiarism. All of these offenses happen often to Americans, some studies show that some even go on on a minute to minute footing.

Victims of offenses are those that are affected by the result of a offense that has been committed ; these can include the primary victim, the secondary victims, and related victims. A whole community can be affected by merely one offense. It is really common to cognize person who has been the victim of a offense, particularly in today ‘s society. Many people may hold empathy for these people and frequently theorize how something like this could hold happened to a individual, as many victims wonder the same thing.A primary victim is person within the scope of foreseeable physical hurt, typically a participant in the accident ; amendss are recoverable for psychiatric hurt as for physical hurt, even if no physical hurt has occurred. Secondary victims are those outside the scope of foreseeable physical hurt, such as informants or relations of the accident victims. A related victim is a individual who is a close household member, or a dependent, of a primary victim who has died as a direct consequence of an act of force being committed against them. ( www.

justice.qld.gov ) As you can see, when an wrongdoer commits a offense against one individual, the primary victim, it can take to domino consequence. There can many victims for one offense.There are many theories on why offenses happen and why people fall victim to them.

Some think that being victimized is merely a affair of chance, that peculiar individual that became a victim to a offense was merely in the incorrect topographic point at the incorrect clip. Should n’t people this twenty-four hours in age be smart plenty to where the incorrect topographic point is and what the incorrect clip is? Some people speculate merely that. Peoples should cognize the difference in right and incorrect, and they should utilize their encephalons as to make up one’s mind the difference.

One theory that upholds these sentiments is the victim precipitation theory. As in, the victim participated, in some manner, to their ain victimization. Victim precipitation theory positions victimology from the point of view that the victim themselves may really originate, either passively or actively, the condemnable act that finally leads to decease or hurt. ( www.associatedcontent.com ) If a victim passively initiates in their ain victimization, they unwittingly do so.

On the other manus, if a victim has an active function in their victimization, they might hold consciously made the determination to make ; by either provoking or inciting the offense that occurred. Either manner, the victim precipitation theory blames the victim for their function in their victimization.Job publicities, occupation position, successes, love involvements, and the similar are illustrations of these unconscious behaviours and features of inactive precipitation.

Additionally, political militants, minority groups, those of different sexual orientations, and other persons prosecuting surrogate life styles may besides happen themselves as marks of force due to the inadvertent menace they pose to certain persons of power. Active victimization occurs under this theory through the threatening or provocative actions of the victim. One of the most controversial points of this theory is the thought that adult females who are raped actively contributed in some manner, either through provocative frock, a relationship, or suggested consent of familiarity. Because of this point of view it is difficult to convict an accused raper who has had some signifier of relationship with the accused, or one that was acting provokingly or suggestively. ( www.

associatedcontent.com )By and large talking, there are two victims of offense ; work forces and adult females. Some people still view adult females as the inferior sex, even in the twenty-first century. Even though work forces and adult females are both susceptible to offense, adult females are 8 to 10 times more likely to fall victim to ravish and spousal maltreatment.

A choice few still perceive adult females as weak and non holding the ability to believe for themselves. Let every Man ( in specific ) be asked his ideas of adult females and he will state you without uncertainty, that they were non made but for adult male ; they are fit for nil, but to nurse ; and engender small kids in their low age ; and to mind the house. ( www.users.

muohio.edu ) Work force, on the other manus, are considered to be the defenders of their place and are the 1s that have the instruction to talk openly. Many times this can be a ground to why some work forces commit offenses against adult females ; a male wrongdoer may state that a adult female was out of topographic point by talking her head, or making other things that may look normal to other people in today ‘s society, so he felt that he had to make something about it.

Even though these positions seem dated, there are still many work forces, and adult females, that think this manner.Because of the manner that adult females are viewed it can do them an easy mark for some wrongdoers. Many rapers still believe that adult females should subject to a adult male, when he wants her to, and fear him for the things that he may make to her is she does give in easy. Men raper normally have the demand to penalize, humiliate, dominate, overpower, and command their victim. Most of the clip a raper does non see their action as them making anything incorrect, and they do non even see the feelings of their victim. Womans are besides more susceptible to victimize than work forces are. Peoples frequently use emotions to their advantage when they are seeking to victimize person, be it for money or a topographic point to populate. Womans are known to be emotional existences because they are made to bring forth kids and be maternally.

People all over America, and neighbouring states, usage electronic mail cozenages, mail fraud, or even merely random telephone cons in order to have money and other goods and services.An email cozenage can be randomized and sent out in to multiple inboxes at one clip. Peoples from other states can roll up email references from sites in which people sign up for updates about their favourite cookery books or even adult web sites. Either manner, these cozenages can make unsafe state of affairss. There is a scam known as the “ Grandparent Scam ” . This cozenage entails person taking a figure out of the phone book and if an aged adult female answers the individual on the other terminal merely says, “ Grandma, is that you? “ , when the adult female answers yes, the cozenage begins. The individual fundamentally tells their “ grandma ” that they have gotten into some sort of problem and are in demand of money and asks her to Western Union the money to them.

Without a inquiry the ‘grandmother ” sends the individual the requested financess and does n’t even realized that they have been conned. Who would n’t assist their grandchild that was in demand? Feelingss are frequently used against adult females in this all of the clip. Without hold a most adult females would assist a individual in demand because it seemed like the right thing to make, and before their very eyes, that have fallen victim to another cozenage.Rape that occurs on day of the months or between people who know each other should non be seen as some kind of ill-conceived sexual escapade: Rape is force, non seduction. In alien colza and familiarity colza, the attacker makes a determination to coerce his victim to subject to what he wants.

The raper believes he is entitled to coerce sexual intercourse from a adult female and he sees interpersonal force ( be it merely keeping the adult female down with his organic structure or flourishing a gun ) as an acceptable manner to accomplish his end. ( Warshaw, 1988, pg.20 ) In 2005, 1,181 adult females were murdered by an intimate spouse. That ‘s an norm of three adult females every twenty-four hours. Of all the adult females murdered in the U.

S. , about one-third were killed by an intimate spouse. ( www.ojp.usdoj.gov ) One- 3rd of adult females killed in 2005 really knew their aggressors, which is an dismaying rate. Victim precipitation theory holds that some adult females are subjected to this force because they have brought it upon themselves. A mixture of organic structure image, the manner a adult females dresses, where a adult females hangs out, and the company that she keeps can impute to her ain victimization.

Dissatisfaction with one ‘s physical visual aspect can take to a negative organic structure image. ( Lankford, 2010, pg.13 ) A adult female ‘s negative perceptual experience of herself can take to her to doing hapless life determinations. How a adult female perceives herself can impact her mundane life, such as, her calling, household life, and fundss. Womans that do non believe extremely of themselves tend to believe that they do non merit to be genuinely happy. Having a low self-pride can do a individual to go down.

Depression can take to a figure of self mutilating jobs, such as, drug usage, alcohol addiction, and eating upsets. ( Wolff, 1999, pg.18 ) If a adult female thinks that she may ne’er be able to happen a hubby, boyfriend, or spouse she may go licentious. Some of these adult females may believe that if a adult male takes them out or was nice to them, that they are obliged to state yes to arouse afterwards. Womans with this status may go an easy mark, and they may even subject to an aggressor.

The manner a adult female dresses can lend to the type of life style that they live. We, as a society, cognize how many different people in different professions frock. A constabulary adult male wear a bluish uniform, a individual in the military wears BDUs, and a cocotte wears a short frock and a low cut shirt. The manner adult females frock is routinely cited as an encouragement to colza ; the statement is that if a adult female is dressed a certain manner, so they were inquiring, or even inviting, a possible raper to assail them. Mentions to swerve and cleaving cloths, low-slung denims and decollete tops, bare middles, short skirts and liberally applied makeup are common in the context of colza tests.

( www.thisisnotaninvitationtorapeme.co.uk ) A common premise is that if a adult female wears uncovering vesture they are considered to be either a prostitute or a cocotte. Prostitution is illegal in all provinces, but one, in the United States.

About 80 % of adult females in harlotry have been the victim of a colza. Prostitutes are raped, on the norm, eight to ten times per twelvemonth. They are the most despoiled category of adult females in the history of our planet. ( Hunter and Reed, 1990 )Where a individual lives can state a batch about them. If a individual lives in undertaking lodging so we know that they are financially stable, if a individual lives in a large house in a great vicinity so we know that they have the resources to make so. Statistically speech production, the offense rate is higher in lower income vicinities than it would be in higher income vicinities. In theory, persons are targeted based on their life style picks which expose them to condemnable wrongdoers and state of affairss in which offenses may be committed. If a adult female lives in a lower income vicinity or in known to venture in these types of topographic points, they are subjecting themselves to go a victim of offense.

The correlativity between victims and the culprits of offenses is that they both exhibit unprompted and antisocial-like behaviours. These behaviours may lend to their victimization since they cause the person to set themselves at hazard more so so more conservative lifestyle opposite numbers. ( www.

associatedcontent.com ) In a nutshell, if a vicinity is “ aberrant, ” the lone manner to take down a individual ‘s hazard of victimization is for them to go forth the vicinity for a less aberrant, low offense rate country.Drug usage is more common in lower income vicinities. Peoples who use drugs put themselves in unsafe state of affairss every twenty-four hours.

Peoples who commit offenses, as drug usage and distribution is a offense, are more prone to go victims because they are involved in unstable conditions. Those who choose bad life styles which include taking drugs, imbibing, and take parting in condemnable activities run a much higher hazard of going victims. ( www.

associatedcontent.com ) If a adult female is a drug smuggler, or is merely buying drugs for personal usage, she may be involved in state of affairss where other adult females are being prostituted out. If a adult female gets despairing plenty, so she may get down making the same thing in order to acquire money to buy more drugs. Womans are much more often involved in harlotry to fund drugs wonts than work forces. What exacerbates the danger to these adult females is the impotence they experience due to their intense demand for drugs and terrible poorness. Because many work forces seek out unsafe sexual services from drug- addicted cocottes, they are at a great hazard. ( Egendorf, 2003, pg.

98 )The factors antecedently mentioned are tangible. Most of the clip the mean individual can place a cocotte or a uninterrupted drug user, but what about adult females that contribute to their ain victimization in less obvious ways? Womans who stay in violent relationships, their sexual orientation, walking down a street at dark by themselves, or merely being merely excessively nice are manner a adult female can lend to being victimized and they do non even know that they are making so. Woman need to fix themselves for being victimized if they are doing themselves an easy mark.Womans who stay in violent relationships, be it with a adult male or a adult females, contribute to their ain victimization every twenty-four hours that they are with their opprobrious spouse. Relationship maltreatment can include, but is non limited to, physical, mental, verbal, and emotional maltreatment.

Some adult females may non even acknowledge that they are being abused at the clip it is happening. A adult female may presume that they can non make any better than the individual they are with, and that it why they continue to be in a relationship with them, this can stem back to holding self-esteem and being depressed about one ‘s ego. It is sad to cognize that most adult females can non acquire out abuse relationships until it is excessively late for them to make so. There is a lifting figure of adult females being abused to a point to where they end up being murdered, and most of the clip it is by an intimate spouse.Physical maltreatment is defined as any behaviour that inflicts injury on a individual. ( White, 2001, pg.14 ) Physical maltreatment can include ; hitting, jostling, biting, throwing objects at a individual to bring down injury, and even sexual maltreatment. Every twelvemonth, domestic force consequences in about 100,000 yearss of hospitalizations, about 30,000 exigency section visits, and about 40,000 visits to a doctor.

( American Medical Association, 1991 ) Sexual maltreatment can fall under many different classs at one clip, such as physical and mental maltreatment. An maltreater can do a adult female feel that it is their responsibility to hold sex with their hubby or boyfriend by stating “ If you loved me you wouldaˆ¦ ” , if the maltreater makes a adult female think that he will non love her if she does non supply him with sexual favours, so he is sexually and mentally mistreating her.Mental and emotional maltreatment go manus in manus. Mental maltreatment is sometimes referred to as psychological or emotional maltreatment. Mental maltreatment is the knowing imposition of anguish, debasement, fright, or hurt. Mental and emotional maltreatment can be used to brainwash person into believing that they are incorrect if they leave an maltreater.

A mental maltreater can be really distant from their spouse at times, but if the adult female decides to go forth them, so they become really overwrought with loving emotions. A adult female may experience as if they are walking on egg shells around their spouse, because they do non desire them to go disquieted and argue with them. Fear is non portion of a loving relationship, but it is a critical portion of a mentally opprobrious relationship. It enables the maltreater to keep control over a adult female. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //ezinearticles.

com )A adult female who stays in a violent relationship can really put themselves up for more victimization if their kids are witnessing the maltreatment. Children who grow seeing a adult male abuse their female parent will turn up and believe that this type of intervention is acceptable. If the female parent does finally take herself and her kids from an opprobrious relationship, the maltreatment could go on to populate through her kids. Children who grow up in violent places are: at higher hazard for substance maltreatment and juvenile delinquency, bear emotional cicatrixs, every bit good as feelings of insecurity, guilt, and isolation, frequently experience troubles in school such as heedlessness, larning disablements, and stress-related physical jobs, fail to develop the experience they need to come in into healthy relationships as grownups, and frequently turn up with low self-pride and go easy victims of verbal and physical maltreatment. ( www.heartlyhouse.

org )Although we are now in the twenty-first century, it is still common to happen people who do non hold with sexual orientations other than heterosexual relationships. Peoples that participate in same sex relationships are at a higher hazard for holding hate offenses and ill will committed against them. There are people in America that suffer from homophobia and heterosexism. Homophobia is the unreasonable fright or contempt from of homophiles and/or homosexualism. At its most utmost, homophobia is expressed through physical force, including colza and slaying. Heterosexism is the premise that heterosexualism is the lone signifier of sexual individuality and household life. Although less stigmatising than open homophobia, the premise of heterosexualism can estrange tribades in mainstream establishments, including wellness attention scenes.

( Liebschutz, 2003, pg.238 )Yet another manner that a adult female can increase her opportunities of going a victim is non describing a offense or violent act. Some adult females seem to be embarrassed that they were victimized in the first topographic point, so they fail to describe a offense that has occurred. When a adult female does non describe a offense that has been committed against her she increases her opportunities of being victimized once more, she besides leaves the door opened for another adult female to be victimized.

Since there was no ground to confine the felon that committed the act, that individual is still rolling free to perpetrate another a awful offense and the following clip it may be the initial victim ‘s neighbour, friend, or even her ain girl.A adult female that is naA?ve to state of affairss in today ‘s society can besides set herself at a higher hazard of going victimized. It is obvious that more and more people in this twenty-four hours in age are going victims of offense. If a adult female were to walk down a low lit at dark, by herself, in an baleful vicinity ; there is no stating what pack or raper might see her, or what they might make to her. Woman who make it common cognition that they live by themselves are besides at a higher hazard.

Situations like this happen all of the clip, which is one of the grounds why offense rate is so high in certain parts of the United States. Woman are victimized, in this instance, by merely being in the incorrect topographic point at the incorrect clip. If a adult female were to state a alien that she lives by herself, so that alien could easy follow her place and victimise her. It is that simple.

Womans have to take certain defensive safeguards in order to non go a victim.There are instances where a individual can be excessively nice. In today ‘s society people tend to lose sight of ethical motives to utilize to be upheld. There are more cozenages and cons than of all time. A adult female could merely believe that they are get downing nice to a alien and non even know that individual is truly a raper or liquidator. There is a difference in being nice and being excessively nice.

Peoples tend to take advantage of people that do non hold the ability to state no. If a adult female works all twenty-four hours long and picks up her colleague ‘s slack, and so comes place and complains that she is wore out, whose mistake is it truly? Being excessively nice, or vulnerable, can sometimes knife a adult female in their dorsum. Although it is nice to see a friendly face, a adult female should ne’er ask for a alien to come to her place where she lives by herself. This is one of the grounds that more and more people are going reluctant to assist person, because a individual can ne’er cognize what a alien, or even person they know, is capable of behind closed doors.

The biggest manner a adult female can lend to their ain victimization is to believe that it will non go on to them. Womans who feel that they will ne’er be attacked are the 1s that get raped, kidnapped, murdered, or burglarized. The error that they make is non being prepared. Violent offenses happen to normal people every twenty-four hours. Why should it non go on to the miss following door, or the adult female from two towns over? To wrongdoers, they are all the same.

Wrongdoers do non care if the adult female they are assailing is a female parent, sister, or married woman. This might even do them experience as if that peculiar adult female is more of import and they have a more valuable thing to take away from person. Womans need to be educated to go more sufficient in protecting themselves.

A manner that a adult female can forestall serious victimization is to ever be prepared. In today ‘s society a individual can ne’er cognize what is skulking around the following corner waiting to swoop on their following victim that will fall quarry. When a adult female is excessively chesty about condemnable activity, they make themselves an easy mark.Some other ways that a adult female could protect herself from going a victim is holding the cognition to cognize the different types of wrongdoers.

Some wrongdoers victimize people out or pure self satisfaction, others offend in order to supply for their households. Multiple wrongdoers have the cognition to cognize how to acquire the act committed, since they have non been caught therefore far, they think that they know what they are making and how to acquire away with it. On the other manus, first clip wrongdoers could be easier to negociate with and may easy experience sorry for their victims.

When a adult male approaches a adult female in a dimly lit parking batch and asks for her keys and her billfold, the best thing that adult female can make collaborate with that individual. If a adult female was being robbed at gun point and did collaborate with the individual perpetrating the discourtesy, so that individual could easy hit the adult female and take what they want. The most of import thing is that a adult female educates herself with the cognition of know when to contend and when to make as the wrongdoer asks.

Staying composure can bring forth better consequences for these types of state of affairss. No material ownership is worse losing their life for. Along with emotional, adult female tend to materialistic. If approached by a alien that asked for her jewellery, a adult female might waver. Even the ring that her great-great-grandmother gave her would non be an acceptable ground to lose her life.The mental capacity of an wrongdoer can hold an consequence on how they will react to ways their victim reacts to their actions.

If a individual holds the mental capacity of a 3rd grader they are apt to react in different ways than an wrongdoer with a high I.Q. would. The job with wrongdoers with low mental capacities is that they could easy perpetrate an discourtesy because they do non cognize any better. Knowing the different state of affairss that adult female could happen herself in, could be the difference in her living victimization. Knowledge is power to adult females that have no pick but to populate in lower income vicinities that are surrounded by frequent drug usage and violent offenses.

The victim precipitation theory upholds that it is the victim ‘s mistake that they became victimized in the first topographic point. From a adult female have oning a low cut shirt to a adult female walking down a street tardily at dark by herself, there is a ground that adult female was victimized from the start. A adult female can knowingly or passively contribute to her ain victimization. Bad life determinations, remaining in a violent relationship, and even a adult female ‘s sexual orientation can lend to her victimization. Criminals seek out adult females who make easy marks.

Prostitutes and drug users are more prone to acquire despoiled and used for sexual favours. Womans who make themselves available to offense are more likely to be victims of offense. Womans should utilize common cognition in order to remain safe and protect themselves.

Overall, offense is a lifting scenario in today ‘s society. Crime can go on to an mundane mean individual in the wink of an oculus. There are ways to forestall going victimized.Beginnings:Susan Kay Hunter and K.C. Reed, July, 1990 “ Taking the side of bought and sold colza, ” address at National Coalition against Sexual Assault, Washington, D.

C.Psychiatric hurt – primary victims, secondary victims, Page V Smith, Alcock V Chief Constable of South Yorkshire Police hypertext transfer protocol: //law.jrank.org/pages/16981/psychiatric-injury.

html # ixzz16jdchKYW [ online ]American Medical Association. 5 issues American Health. Chicago 1991White, Katherine ( 2001 ) Relationship Violence, The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.Egendorf, Laura K. ( 2003 ) Chemical Dependency, Thomson- Galewww.associatedcontent.com The Four Theories of Victimization [ online ]Lankford, Ronald D, Jr.

( 2010 ) Body Image, Gale, Cengage LearningWarshaw, Robin ( 1988 ) I Never Called It Rape, Harper and Rowwww.thisisnotaninvitationtorapeme.co.

uk This Is Not An Invitation To Rape Me [ online ]Wolff, Lisa ( 1999 ) Teen Depression, Lucent Books, Inc.Liebschutz, Jane M. ( 2003 ) Violence Against Women, American College of Physicianswww.heartlyhouse.org Children From An Abusive Home [ online ]